The European Commission recently launched the Pact on Migration and Asylum. The commitment to a more human approach to protection, emphasizing the fact that migration is needed and positive for Europe, is welcome, however this rhetoric is reflected only sparsely in the related proposals. Instead of breaking with the fallacies of the EU’s previous approach and offering a fresh start, the Pact risks exacerbating the focus on externalisation, deterrence, containment and return.
The initial assessment of the legislative and non-legislative proposals by civil society is guided by the following questions:
- Are the proposals able to guarantee in law and in practice compliance with international and EU legal standards?
- Will they contribute to a more fair sharing of responsibility for asylum in Europe, as well as globally?
- Will they work in practice?
Rather than encouraging an automatic sharing of responsibility, the Pact introduces a more complex Dublin system ‘return sponsorship’
The Pact on Migration and Asylum missed the opportunity to fundamentally reform the Dublin system so that the default responsibility for assessing asylum claims remains, in practice, with the first country of arrival. In addition, the Pact has also proposed a complex system in which some form of solidarity is triggered.
There are some positive additions to the criteria used to determine which Member State is responsible for examining an asylum application. For example, the definition of family has been expanded to include siblings, as well as a broad range of family members in the case of unaccompanied children alongside the receipt of a diploma or other qualification from a Member State. However, compared to current Member State practice, it will be a challenge to forgo the first country of entry principle as the preferred option in favor of the new priority considerations, notably family reunification.
Solidarity is required of Member States in the case of a high number of people arriving (“migratory pressure”) or disembarkations from search and rescue operations. The ensuing processes include a series of assessments, drafted reports and pledges made by individual Member States. If the aggregate response falls short, the European Commission can take corrective action. This looks less like a mechanism that supports predictable sharing of responsibility and more like the kind of negotiations among Member States with which we have all become too familiar. The complexity of what has been proposed raises doubts as to whether it is actually workable in practice.
Member States are allowed to provide “return sponsorship” instead of relocating people to their own territories, which suggests an equal focus on protection. Instead of supporting individual Member States by helping them manage a higher number of asylum applications, this proposal raises numerous human rights and legal concerns, especially if the transfer to the sponsor state takes place after the deadline of eight months has passed. Who will monitor the treatment of rejected asylum-seekers when they arrive in countries whose governments do not accept relocation?
The Pact proposes expanded use of border procedures, including increased detention
Instead of redistributing responsibility among EU Member States, the procedural reform proposals exacerbate the pressure on Member States at the EU’s external border and countries in the Western Balkans. The Commission proposes mandatory asylum and return border procedures in certain cases, including for nationals of and/or stateless residents, in countries where the average EU protection rate is below 20%. It is optional when Member States are applying Safe Third Country or Safe Country of Origin concepts. However, the Commission has previously proposed that these concepts become mandatory for Member States. NGOs reiterate the concerns about the use of Safe Third Country and First Country of Asylum concepts, which were discussed extensively between 2016 and 2019. In particular, mandatory use should not be proposed again.
The proposed border procedure is predicated on two flawed assumptions: that the majority of people arriving in Europe do not have protection needs and that assessing asylum claims can be done easily and quickly. Neither are correct. A consideration of first and appeal decisions across the EU indicates that most people claiming asylum in Europe in the last three years have received a form of protection status. In addition, the Pact should not persist with the approach that fast asylum procedures can be achieved by reducing safeguards and introducing a system of triage. The average length of the asylum procedure in the Netherlands, often referred to as the poster child for this practice, exceeds a year and can last up to two years until a decision has been made.
The proposal will effectively result in two standards of asylum procedures, largely determined by the country of origin of the individual concerned. This undermines the individual right to asylum and will mean that even more people will be subject to second-rate procedure. Proposing that Member States should issue an asylum and return decision simultaneously without clearly specifying the requirement that important safeguards—related to non-refoulement, best interests of the child and protection of family and private life—are assessed, undermines international legal obligations. The proposal also removes the automatic suspensive effect of an appeal, i.e. the right to remain pending a decision for cases decided in the border procedure.
The suggestion that people undergoing border procedures are not considered to have formally entered the territory of the Member State is misleading and contradicts recent EU philosophy, but does not change the individual’s rights under EU and international law.
The proposal also deprives people of the possibility to access residence permits for grounds other than asylum. It will likely involve detention for up to six months at the EU’s borders, a maximum of 12 weeks for the asylum border procedure and another 12 weeks in case of a return border procedure. In addition, the reforms remove the principle that detention should only be applied as a last resort for border procedures. By relying on more systematic restrictions of movement in border procedures, the proposal will restrict the individual’s access to basic services who may not operate at the border, such as legal assistance and representation. The similarities in outcomes to the failed ‘hotspot approach’ implemented on the Greek islands are notable.
It's positive that there is recognition that the best interest of the child shall be a primary consideration for Member states during all procedures. However, the Commission lowers the protection standards for children by only exempting those who are unaccompanied or under the age of 12. This is in contradiction with the internationally recognized definition of "children" as every person under the age of 18, which was included in the Convention on the Rights of a Child and ratified by all EU Member States.
In situations of crisis, Member States are allowed to deviate from important safeguards which will subject more people to substandard asylum procedures
The concern about procedural unfairness becomes even more acute in situations where a Member State can claim that they are facing an ‘exceptional situation of mass influx.'
When this occurs, the scope of the border procedure is significantly expanded and can be applied to all people arriving from countries where the average EU protection rate of the nationality concerned is below 75%. Both the asylum border procedure and the return border procedure can be extended for an additional eight weeks, prolonging the maximum amount of time spent in border detention up to 10 months. In addition, Member States can suspend registration of asylum applications for four weeks, up to a maximum of three months. With no claim registered for weeks, people may be at risk of detention and refoulement. Additionally, their rights to adequate reception and basic services can be severely affected.
This enables Member States to deviate from their responsibility of providing access to asylum and ensuring that asylum requests are treated efficiently and fairly, and will only increase the risk of refoulement. When considering the most extreme cases of Member States acting inn flagrant violation of EU law, this process of requesting permission from the European Commission could be considered an improvement, as the law is currently currently ignored despite criticism by the EU. However, this cannot be the starting point to assess proposed EU legislation. Doing so would open up the likelihood that the vast majority of people arriving in Europe will be subject to a second-rate procedure.
Screening at the border: Risks and opportunities
The Commission proposes a “pre-entry screening” process for all people who arrive at EU borders irregularly, including following disembarkation after search and rescue. The screening process includes security, health and vulnerability checks, as well as registration of biometric data. It also leads to decisions related to asylum access, including the application for the accelerated border procedure, relocation and return. This process can take up to 10 days, and should be carried out as close as possible to the border. It is not clear where people will be accommodated and how reception standards will be met during that time. The screening can also be applied to people inside the territory of a Member State, which could lead to an increase in discriminatory policing. Questions arise regarding access to information, the rights of people undergoing the screening (including access to a lawyer and the right to challenge the decision), the grounds for refusal of entry and the privacy and protection of the data collected. As Member States can easily discharge their responsibilities regarding medical and vulnerability screenings, it is not clear whether related needs will be detected and acted upon.
A welcome initiative is the proposed independent monitoring of fundamental rights at the border. To ensure that this mechanism results in accountability for rights violations at the border—including the persistent use of summary removals and push-backs across a large number of Member States—it needs to be expanded beyond the screening procedure, be independent of national authorities and involve independent organizations such as NGOs.
The priority of return and deportation dominates the proposal
The overriding objective of the Pact is clear: to increase the number of people who are returned or deported from Europe. The creation of the role of a Return Coordinator within the Commission and of a Frontex Deputy Executive Director on Returns without similar appointments on protection standards or relocation serve to illustrate this point. Return is an accepted part of migration policy and support for dignified returns—with a preference for voluntary returns, access to return counseling and reintegration support—is important. However, investment in return is not the answer to the systematic non-compliance with asylum standards in EU Member States.
Nothing new on external action: Unrealistic proposals which risk undermining human rights continue
The tension between the rhetorical commitment to mutually beneficial international partnerships and the insistence on migration being at the core of the EU’s relationships with third countries continues. Attempts to externalise responsibility for asylum, and to misuse development assistance, visa schemes and other tools to pressure third countries to cooperate on migration control and readmission agreements will continue. This not only risks contradicting the EU’s own commitment to development principles, but also undermining its international standing by generating mistrust and hostility from and among third countries. Furthermore, using informal agreements and security cooperation for migration control with countries such as Libya or Turkey risks enabling human rights abuses, emboldening repressive governments and creating greater instability.
Lack of ambition on safe and regular pathways to Europe
An opportunity to signal that the EU is ready to contribute to responsibility sharing for protection on the international stage in the spirit of partnership with countries who are hosting the large majority of refugees was missed. Instead of proposing an ambitious refugee resettlement target, the European Commission has only invited Member States to do more and has converted Member State pledges for 2020 into a two-year scheme, resulting in a lost year for EU resettlement.
The recognition of the need to facilitate more labor migration across skills levels is welcome. However, the significance of labor migration for European economies and societies is not reflected in the related resources, proposals or actions.
Support to search and rescue and actions of solidarity need to be reinforced
The humanitarian tragedy in the Mediterranean Sea still needs to be addressed, specifically the EU-funded and run search and rescue capacity. Search and rescue and disembarkation are included in all relevant proposals, acknowledging that there is an ongoing humanitarian crisis. However, instead of addressing the behavior and regulations of governments to obstruct sea rescues to enable the work of human rights defenders, the European Commission suggests that safety standards on ships and communication levels with private actors need to be monitored. It also appears to require private actors to adhere not just to laws, but also policies and practices regarding “migration management” which can potentially interfere with search and rescue obligations.
While the issuance of guidance to prevent criminalization of humanitarian action is welcome, it is limited to acts mandated by law with a specific focus on search and rescue. This risks leaving out humanitarian activities, such as the provision of food, shelter, information conducted on land or work carried out by organizations not mandated by law, which would also be subject to criminalization and restrictions.
Promising signs for inclusion
It is positive that the proposed changes would enable refugees to gain long-term residence after three years and strengthen their right to move and work in other Member States. In addition, the revision of the Action Plan on Inclusion and Integration and the establishment of an expert group to collect views of migrants to inform EU policy is welcome.
The way ahead
The presentation of the proposals is a start to what promises to be another long and conflictual period of negotiations on the EU’s asylum and migration rules. While those negotiations are ongoing, it is important to remember that there is an EU asylum framework in place and that Member States have obligations under existing international and EU law.
This requires immediate action by EU policy makers, including Member States, to:
- Implement existing standards in relation to reception and asylum processes, investigate non-compliance and take necessary disciplinary measures
- Save lives at sea, ensuring search and rescue capacity to allow timely disembarkation and swift relocation
- Continue to seek ad-hoc solidarity arrangements to alleviate pressure on Member States at the EU’s external border, as well as support Member States to agree to relocation
For the upcoming negotiations on the Pact, we recommend that co-legislators:
- Reject the mandatory application of asylum or return border procedures, as they are substandard procedures that will reduce safeguards for applicants and increase detention. They will exacerbate the current lack of solidarity for asylum in Europe by placing more responsibility on Member States at the external border. Experience from the hotspots and similar initiatives shows that adding extra asylum procedures or tracks can create significant administrative burden and costs, as well as generate more inefficiency.
- Work towards the end of migration-related detention, prohibit migration-related detention of children as per the Convention on the Rights of the Child and dedicate sufficient resources to appropriate non-custodial solutions for children and their families.
- Recalibrate reform proposals to focus on maintaining and raising asylum and human rights standards in Europe.
- Work towards proposals that fundamentally reform the way that the responsibility for people seeking asylum in Europe is organized by addressing the first country of entry principle in order to create meaningful and predictable mechanisms for solidarity.
- Limit opportunities for Member States to deviate from responsibilities to register asylum applications or process asylum claims in order to avoid creating incentives for operating in crisis mode and for lowering asylum standards.
- Increase safeguards during the screening procedure to ensure information is provided, access to a lawyer is ensured, health needs and vulnerabilities are detected and swiftly acted upon, and address concerns regarding registration and sharing of biometric data.
- Ensure that the monitoring mechanism for fundamental rights at borders is broad enough in scope to cover all fundamental rights violations at the border, as well as truly independent from national authorities and well-resourced so that it contributes to accountability.
- Resist attempts to use development assistance, trade, investment, visa schemes, security cooperation and other policies to pressure third countries into cooperation on narrowly defined EU migration control objectives.
- Evaluate the long-term impact of externalized migration policies on peace, rights and sustainable development and ensure that external migration policy is not contributing to human rights violations and is conflict sensitive.
- Significantly expand safe and regular routes to Europe by swiftly implementing current resettlement commitments, proposing ambitious new targets and increasing opportunities for protection pathways as well as for regular migration to work and study in Europe.
- Strengthen the exemptions of humanitarian action and other independent civil society activities from criminalization, as well as remove obstacles to civil society actors providing life-saving and other humanitarian assistance on land and at sea.
- Establish an EU-funded and run Search and Rescue Operation in the Mediterranean Sea.
- Build on the promising proposals to support inclusion through access to long-term residence and related rights by implementing the upcoming Action Plan on Integration and Inclusion at the EU, national and local level.
Signatories:
11.11.11
AASIA, ActionAid Denmark, ActionAid Hellas, ActionAid International, ActionAid Italy, aditus foundation, Afghan Association in Sweden, Alianza por la Solidaridad-ActionAid Spain, Amnesty International, ASGI, Association for Legal Intervention, (Stowarzyszenie Interwencji Prawnej) Poland, AsyLex, Asylrättscentrum/ Swedish Refugee Law Center, AWO, Bundesverband, Bhutan Watch, Bulgarian Helsinki Committee, Caritas Europa, Centre for Peace Studies Zagreb, COMPASS for Refugee Youth, Conselho Português para os Refugiados – CPR (Portuguese Refugee Council), Cyprus Refugee Council, Danish Refugee Council (DRC), Der Paritätische Gesamtverband, Deutscher Caritasverband, Diakonie Austria, Diakonie Deutschland, Dutch Council for Refugees, ECRE, Estonian Refugee Council, Europe Must Act, European Evangelical, Alliance, FARR, the Swedish Network of Refugee Support Groups, FOCSIV, Italian Federation Christian organisations, International Volunteering Service, Forum réfugiés-COSI, Foundation Our Choice Poland, Fundacja Polskie Forum Migracyjne/ Polish Migration Forum Foundation, Group 484, Help Refugees/ Choose Love, Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, HIAS Greece, Homo Faber Association, Hrvatski pravni centar/Croatian Law Centre, Human Rights Watch, Hungarian Helsinki Committee, International Centre for Eritrean Refugees and Asylum Seekers -ICERAS, International Rescue Committee (IRC), INTERSOS, Irish Refugee Council, Issues Without Borders, Italian Council for Refugees/Consiglio Italiano, per i Rifugiati-onlus, JRS Europe, Legal – Informational Centre for NGOs – PIC, Slovenia, Lesvos Solidarity, Mosaico azioni per i rifugiati, Network for Children’s Rights (Greece), NOMADA Association for Multicultural Society Integration, Norwegian Organisation for Asylum Seekers (NOAS), Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), Pro Asyl, Quaker Council for European Affairs, Refugee Party, Refugee Rights Europe (RRE), Refugees International, Saferworld, SB Overseas, SCI Hellas, SOS Children’s Villages International, SPEAK, Symbiosis-School of Political Studies in Greece, The International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims, The Swedish Syrian Association, United Against Inhumanity (UAI), vzw NANSEN asbl.
Learn more:
* The documents of the European Migration and Asylum Package are available on the website of the European Commission here.
* SOS Children’s Villages International also supports the #HardlyRocketScience campaign of the European Council on Refugees and Exiles. More information is available here.
*Read more about how SOS Children's Villages advocates for children's rights, voices and lives here.